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<title>Amazon Watch</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Amazon Watch</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in Oakland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a><br> <a href="Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Leila_Salazar-Lopez" title="Leila Salazar-Lopez">Leila Salazar-Lopez</a>, executive director</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazonwatch.org/about/annual-reports">1,485,169</a> (2012)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazonwatch.org/">amazonwatch.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:2px solid #7E3517;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none; font-size:150%; line-height:0.8em;"><a href="Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;">

Rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Protection</a></li></ul></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;">

Governmental organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">ACHPR</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" title="Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada">CIRNAC</a></li>

<li><a href="Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_dos_Povos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas">FUNAI</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Orang_Asli_Development" title="Department of Orang Asli Development">JAKOA</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Affairs" title="Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs">MCHTA</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li></ul></td>

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<a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> initiatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="International_Day_of_the_World's_Indigenous_Peoples" title="International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples">9 August</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Seas_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;">

International Treaties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)</a></li>

<li><a href="WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property%2C_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty</a></li></ul></td>

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NGOs and political groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Amazon_Conservation_Team" title="Amazon Conservation Team">Amazon Conservation Team</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">COICA</a></li>

<li><a href="CONAECDA" title="CONAECDA">CONAECDA</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">CONAIE</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_Peoples_of_Africa_Co-ordinating_Committee" title="Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee">IPACC</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">IWGIA</a></li>

<li><a href="Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Red_Nation" title="The Red Nation">The Red Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="KAFFED" title="KAFFED">KAFFED</a>

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Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Aboriginal titles</a></li>

<li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-governance" title="Co-governance">Co-governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism_against_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against indigenous peoples">Discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a>

<li><a href="Indigenous_decolonization" title="Indigenous decolonization">Indigenous decolonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Inhabited lands</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">Truth commissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;">

Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Namibia">Namibia</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American rights">United States</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color:#FFBA00; border-bottom:1px solid #7E3517;padding:0;">

<span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Category</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Amazon Watch</b> is a <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1996, and based in <a href="Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, it works to protect the <a href="Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">rainforest</a> and advance the <a href="Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">rights</a> of <a href="Indigenous_people_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a> in the <a href="Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a>. It partners with indigenous and environmental organizations in Ecuador, Peru, Colombia and Brazil in campaigns for <a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate accountability</a> and the preservation of the Amazon's ecological systems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_Cases">Court Cases</h2></div>

<p>In 1964, the <a href="Texaco_Petroleum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Texaco Petroleum Company">Texaco Petroleum Company</a>, in partnership with <a href="Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a>, began exploring for oil in Northeast Ecuador. In 1974, the Government of the Republic of Ecuador, acting through the state-owned oil agency <a href="Petroecuador" title="Petroecuador">Petroecuador</a>, obtained a 25% interest. Two years later, Petroecuador acquired Gulf Oil's interest and became a 62.5% owner of the <a href="Lago_Agrio_oil_field" title="Lago Agrio oil field">Lago Agrio oil field</a>. By 1993, Petroecuador had also acquired Texaco's interest. After Texaco completed <a href="Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a>, the Government of Ecuador inspected and certified the work and "absolved, liberated and forever freed" Texaco Petroleum from "any claim or litigation by the Government of Ecuador."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in November 1993, a group of Ecuadorians filed a class action lawsuit on behalf of 30,000 inhabitants of the Oriente region, alleging that Texaco polluted the rainforests. After extensive litigation, the U.S. Court of Appeals affirmed in <i><a href="Aguinda_v._Texaco%2C_Inc." title="Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc.">Aguinda v. Texaco</a></i> an earlier court's dismissal on the basis of "<a href="Forum_non_conveniens" title="Forum non conveniens">forum non conveniens</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, legal proceedings were started in Ecuador in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Amazon Watch supports the Ecuadorian plaintiffs by publishing a press kit alleging that <a href="Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> (corporate successor to Texaco) should be held accountable for the dumping of 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of toxic wastewater into a region of Ecuador's Amazon rainforest inhabited by more than 30,000 people – purported to be one of the largest oil-related contaminations ever, far exceeding that of the <a href="Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a decision in Ecuador ordered Chevron to pay $9.5 billion. Ecuador's Supreme Court in 2013 affirmed the trial court judgment in a 222-page decision that documented the extensive and life-threatening levels of oil pollution at dozens of former Chevron well sites in the jungle. In all, eight appellate judges in Ecuador reviewed the evidence against Chevron and affirmed the judgment, as well as dismissing Chevron's allegation of fraud. When Chevron refused to comply with the $9.5 billion judgment against it for contamination in the <a href="Lago_Agrio_oil_field" title="Lago Agrio oil field">Lago Agrio oil field</a>, the plaintiffs' lead attorney, <a href="Steven_R._Donziger" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven R. Donziger">Steven R. Donziger</a>, attempted to collect the judgment in Brazil, Argentina, and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chevron then filed suit in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relying on the <a href="Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act</a> (RICO Act), alleged that plaintiffs' attorneys in the Lago Agrio litigation had engaged in extortion and fraud by paying almost US$300,000 in bribes to obtain the 2011 court verdict in Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 2014, Judge <a href="Lewis_A._Kaplan" title="Lewis A. Kaplan">Lewis A. Kaplan</a> concluded that "the course of justice was perverted" and enjoined Donziger from instituting any enforcement proceedings in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donziger has appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amazon Watch's web page describes its activities in Ecuador as going "beyond supporting indigenous efforts to keep their territories intact and win greater rights guarantees".

</p><p>Additionally, Amazon Watch is a <a href="Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a> in a case against the US oil company <a href="Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental</a> for its damage to the Peruvian rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The District Court initially granted Occidental's motion to dismiss without ruling on whether Amazon Watch had standing to sue. On appeal, the 9th Circuit Court overturned the dismissal<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Supreme Court declined review.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_People_of_the_Amazon_Campaigns">Indigenous People of the Amazon Campaigns</h2></div>

<p>Amazon Watch is promoting visionary alternatives that could protect the Amazonian environment and local communities. The Yasuni ITT initiative is one such initiative for which Amazon Watch have actively campaigned. The proposal seeks to keep some 900 million barrels of heavy crude that lies underneath Yasuni National Park permanently in the ground in exchange for half of the forgone oil revenues. If done right, the proposal is an important first step towards keeping oil reserves in <a href="Culturally_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally sensitive">culturally sensitive</a> and fragile <a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> in Ecuador and beyond".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Amazon Watch also supported the <a href="Achuar" title="Achuar">Achuar</a> indigenous people in opposing <a href="Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> on their lands by the Canadian oil company <a href="Talisman_Energy" title="Talisman Energy">Talisman</a> and the Argentinian company Pluspetrol.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Amazon Watch supports a school that trains indigenous leaders how to defend their rights against oil and mining companies.

</p><p>In Brazil, the Brazilian government is building the world's third-largest hydroelectric dam on the Xingu River, one of the Amazon's major tributaries. The Belo Monte dam complex would divert 80 percent of the Xingu River's flow, devastating an area of over 1,500 square kilometers of rainforest, and resulting in the forced displacement of up to 40,000 people. With the people of the Xingu and a network of Brazilian and international NGOs, Amazon Watch is working to document and publicize the dam's drastic impacts on local and indigenous populations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amazon_Environmental_Campaigns">Amazon Environmental Campaigns</h2></div>

<p>Amazon Watch reports that the current rate of <a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> threatens to push the Amazon past a tipping point from which it cannot recover. Reports say that in the last 30 years, 20 percent of the Amazon has been deforested and another 20 percent degraded – all fueled by clearing land for <a href="Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and large-scale industrial projects such as oil and <a href="Gas_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pipeline">gas pipelines</a>, dams and roads.

</p><p>In 2014 Amazon Watch set up Amazon Watch Sweden as an independent <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> in order to increase fundraising efforts as well as increase advocacy pressure in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In September 2016 Amazon Watch released a report which concludes that imports of crude oil by the US are driving rainforest destruction in the Amazon and releasing significant greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-milman-2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milman-2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zuckerman-and-koenig-2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zuckerman-and-koenig-2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 6 February 2020, the environmental organization <a href="Mobilize_Earth" title="Mobilize Earth">Mobilize Earth</a> debuted <i>Guardians of Life</i>, the first of twelve short films that highlight the most pressing issues facing humanity and the natural world. Funds raised by the project will go to Amazon Watch and <a href="Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_6_Feb_2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_6_Feb_2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dávid Szőke and Sándor Kiss in <a href="Film_International" title="Film International">Film International</a> expressed criticism of Extinction Rebellion's 2019 short film Extinction and Guardians of Life, saying that "It is no doubt that film is one of the most meaningful ways of facilitating changes in our world. While Extinction and Guardians of Life declare “nonviolent open rebellion” and the urge to action for the survival of our natural world, the divergence between their stated ideals and their disruptive tactics in shaping public understanding of climate-related issues point toward starkly opposite directions. Despite their alleged advocacy of environmental issues, the involvement of such movie stars as Emma Thompson or Joaquin Phoenix redirects attention to their celebrity status, eclipsing the focus on the ecological solutions they should represent. Thus, these films can be viewed as nothing more than glossy facades, effectively disguising the radical environmental actions of XR activists under a more inclusive, media-friendly veneer."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<cite id="CITEREFMilman2016" class="citation news cs1">Milman, Oliver (28 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/28/amazon-crude-oil-us-imports-rainforest-destruction-study">"US drives rainforest destruction by importing Amazon oil, study finds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London, UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFZuckermanKoenig2016" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Adam; Koenig, Kevin (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2016-amazon-crude-report.pdf"><i>From well to wheel: the social, environmental, and climate costs of Amazon crude</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oakland, CA, USA: Amazon Watch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Reuters_6_Feb_2020-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_6_Feb_2020_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2020" class="citation web cs1">Green, Matthew (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207133655/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-climate-change-film-phoenix/joker-star-phoenix-takes-aim-at-climate-apathy-with-film-about-dying-earth-idUKKBN2001YU">"'Joker' star Phoenix takes aim at climate apathy with film about dying Earth"</a>. <a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-climate-change-film-phoenix/joker-star-phoenix-takes-aim-at-climate-apathy-with-film-about-dying-earth-idUKKBN2001YU">the original</a> on 7 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSzőkeKiss2024" class="citation web cs1">Szőke, Dávid; Kiss, Sándor (February 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmint.nu/jack-cooper-stimpsons-extinction-and-shaun-monsons-guardians-of-life-2020-david-szoke-and-sandor-kiss/">"Environmental Action in Opposite Directions: Extinction (2019) and Guardians of Life (2020)"</a>. <i>Film International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219065739/http://filmint.nu/jack-cooper-stimpsons-extinction-and-shaun-monsons-guardians-of-life-2020-david-szoke-and-sandor-kiss/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanKoenig2016" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Adam; Koenig, Kevin (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2016-amazon-crude-report.pdf"><i>From well to wheel: the social, environmental, and climate costs of Amazon crude</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oakland, CA, US: Amazon Watch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-28</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazonwatch.org/">Amazon Watch</a> – Official website</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/16/journalist_exposes_how_private_investigation_firm">Journalist Exposes How Chevron Tried to Recruit Her as a Spy to Undermine $27B Suit in Ecuadorian Amazon</a> - video report by <i><a href="Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Free%2C_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a>

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li>

<li><a href="Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li>

<li><a href="Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li>

<li><a href="Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li>

<li><a href="Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li>

<li><a href="Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li>

<li><a href="Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li>

<li><a href="Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li>

<li><a href="Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br>bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand

<ul><li><a href="Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Brazil

<ul><li><a href="Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Canada

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Mexico

<ul><li><a href="National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Philippines

<ul><li><a href="National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Russia

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Taiwan

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li>

<li>US

<ul><li><a href="Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br>bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>African Union

<ul><li><a href="African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>

<li>WIPO

<ul><li><a href="Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources%2C_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High_Seas_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br>international<br>bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br>Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1989: <a href="Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention%2C_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li>

<li>1992: <a href="Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li>

<li>2007: <a href="Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li>

<li>2010: <a href="Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li>

<li>2018: <a href="United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li>

<li>2023: <a href="High_Seas_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li>

<li>2024: <a href="WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property%2C_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li>

<li>Residential schools

<ul><li><a href="Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li>

<li><a href="De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Indigenous rights</b> • <b>Minority rights</b></li></ul>

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